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RESTAURANT DINNERWARE\NBRINGS A LOT TO THE TABLE.
IT’S KNOWN\NFOR RUGGED GOOD LOOKS IT HOLDS UP TO HEAVY USE
AND REPEATED CLEANING\NIN COMMERCIAL DISHWASHERS AND ITS DESIGN REFLECTS\NTHE RESTAURANT’S THEME AND ADDS PRESENTATION VALUE\NTO THE FOOD.
MOST PEOPLE\NAPPRECIATE THE EFFORT THAT GOES INTO A FINE MEAL BUT THEY MAY NOT GIVE\NMUCH THOUGHT TO WHAT IT TAKES TO MAKE THE ACTUAL PLATE\NTHE FOOD IS SERVED UP ON.
MAKING CERAMIC DINNERWARE\NTHAT’S RESTAURANT-QUALITY IS AN INTENSIVE PROCESS — ONE THAT STARTS WITH\NA MASTER DIE MADE OF GYPSUM.
THIS WORKER THEN MAKES\NA PRODUCTION VERSION OF THE MASTER.
TO DO THIS INTO A WIRE-MESH FRAME\NABOVE THE MASTER.
THERE’S TUBING ATTACHED\NTO THE MESH FRAME AND HE PUMPS AIR THROUGH IT.
THIS CAUSES THE WATER\NIN THE GYPSUM TO BUBBLE OUT AND EVAPORATE.
IT DRIES AND SOLIDIFIES INTO A MIRROR IMAGE\NOF THE MASTER —
IN THIS CASE THE TUBING\NINSIDE THIS PRODUCTION DIE WILL BE USED AGAIN LATER
TO GENTLY BLOW OFF THE PLATTER\NWHEN FORMED RELEASING IT FROM THE DIE.
ANOTHER WORKER ADDS THE CERAMIC\NINGREDIENTS TO WATER.
THEY INCLUDING\NA PLASTICIZER DIFFERENT CLAYS ONCE THE CLAY MIX\NHAS BEEN THOROUGHLY BLENDED THEY DRAIN IT\NONTO A VIBRATING SIEVE TO SCREEN OUT LARGE\NMINERAL CHUNKS AND IMPURITIES.
THE CLAY-BASED LIQUID\NFLOWS THROUGH THE SCREEN INTO A HOLDING TANK.
THEY PUMP IT\NTHROUGH THIS FILTER PRESS.
IT COMPRESSES\NFABRIC-COVERED PLASTIC PLATES TO SQUEEZE OUT MOISTURE
TURNING THE CLAY LIQUID\NINTO PUTTY-LIKE SLABS.
WITH THIS CONSISTENCY A WORKER BREAKS UP THE SLABS AND FEEDS THE PIECES\NTO A PUG MILL.
THE MILL SHAPES THE CLAY\NINTO A LONG CYLINDER AND SO DINNERWARE MADE FROM IT\NWILL BE LESS PRONE TO CRACKING.
HE SLICES THE CLAY CYLINDER\NINTO SMALL WADS USING A WIRE CUTTER.
EACH OF THESE CLAY WADS\NWILL BE SHAPED INTO ONE PLATE.
THEY PLACE EACH WAD ONTO MOLDS\NON A REVOLVING PLATFORM.
THE MOLD SPINS UP\NTO A METAL TOOL WHICH PRESSES THE CLAY INTO THE\NSHAPE OF THE PLATE MOLD BELOW.
THE TOOL ALSO FORMS THE BACK SO THE PLATE WILL SIT EVENLY\NON A TABLE.
A NOZZLE LUBRICATES THE METAL\NTOOL BETWEEN PRESSINGS.
A CUTTER AT THE SIDE TRIMS THE RIMS OF THE PLATES\NAS THEY’RE FORMED.
UNLIKE THE PLATTER DIE THESE MOLDS DON’T HAVE TUBING\NINSIDE TO BLOW OFF THE PLATES.
INSTEAD ONCE OUT OF THE MOLDS PAST A SPONGE\NTO SMOOTH THE EDGES.
TO MAKE COFFEE MUGS THE PUG MILL PRESSES OUT\NA NARROWER CYLINDER AND A KNIFE AT THE EXIT POINT\NSLICES IT INTO PRECISE WADS.
THE WADS FALL\NINTO COFFEE-MUG MOLDS AND A TOOL SPINS THE CLAY UP\NAGAINST THE WALLS OF THE MOLDS TO SHAPE IT INTO MUGS.
A BLADE AT THE TOP\NTRIMS THE EXCESS FROM THE LIP OF THE MUG.
THEY PASS UNDER A LONG SPONGE\NTO SMOOTH THE RIMS.
AND NOW FOR THE HANDLES.
THEY MAKE THEM IN TWO-PART MOLDS AND DRY THEM\NUNDER AN INFRARED LIGHT.
THE HANDLES MUST HAVE PRECISELY\NTHE SAME MOISTURE CONTENT AS THE MUGS — AROUND 16%.
A WORKER DIPS THE ENDS\NOF EACH HANDLE IN A CLAY-AND-GLUE MIXTURE\NAND PRESSES IT TO THE MUG.
THE MUGS GO INTO A DRIER AND THE MOISTURE CONTENT\NDROPS TO 4%.
NEXT AND BAKE THEM\NIN A SUPER-HOT KILN.
THIS WILL MAKE THE MUGS\NCHIP-RESISTANT AND WILL STRENGTHEN THE BOND\NBETWEEN THE HANDLE AND THE MUG.
THEY PAINT THE DINNERWARE\NBY HAND THE STAIN WILL ENABLE IT\NTO HOLD UP TO REPEATED RIGOROUS CLEANINGS\NIN RESTAURANT DISHWASHERS.
FOR A DIFFERENT LOOK THIS ARTWORK HAS BEEN PRODUCED USING THE SAME HARD-WEARING\NCERAMIC STAIN.
THE PLATES\NTHEN HEAD INTO THE OVEN AND THE HEAT FUSES\NTHE DECORATIVE TOUCHES TO THEM.
FROM A LIQUID CLAY MIX TO TABLEWARE\NYOU CAN DINE OUT ON.
THE PROCESS HAS TAKEN\NABOUT 24 HOURS. IT SHOULD SERVE YOU WELL.
Narrator: AIR-BRAKE TANKS ARE\NPART OF POWERFUL BRAKE SYSTEMS ON TRACTOR TRAILERS AND BUSES.
WHEN THE DRIVER\NDEPRESSES THE BRAKE PEDAL THE TANK RELEASES\NTHE COMPRESSED AIR
TO ACTIVATE THE BRAKES SO THE BIG WHEELS SLOW DOWN\NAND STOP TURNING.
THE ENERGY USED TO STOP\NA BIG RIG COMES FROM AIR.
IT’S COMPRESSED AND STORED\NIN THE BRAKE TANKS SO THERE’S ALWAYS\NA READY SUPPLY.
THEY MAKE AIR-BRAKE TANKS\NFROM INDUSTRIAL-GRADE STEEL THAT’S ABOUT AS THICK\NAS A TYPICAL MAGAZINE.
A PRESS FORCES THE STEEL\NAROUND A DOME FORM AND SHEARS THE EDGES\NTO PRODUCE THE TANK’S END CAPS.
IT ALSO PUNCHES A HOLE\NIN EACH CAP FOR A FITTING.
THE CAP’S DOME SHAPE\NIS CRITICAL.
IT WILL ALLOW IT TO WITHSTAND THE AIR PRESSURE\NINSIDE THE TANK.
THE TANK CAPS NOW RIDE\NA CONVEYOR UNDER SPRAYERS
THAT WASH AWAY RESIDUAL OIL\NFROM THE PRESSING PROCESS.
MORE STEEL SHEETING\NFEEDS INTO ANOTHER PRESS.
IT’S TWICE AS THICK AS THE STEEL\NUSED TO MAKE THE END CAPS.
THIS PRESS IS PUNCHING\NAND FORMING BRACKETS
FOR ATTACHING THE AIR TANK\NTO THE TRAILER UNDERCARRIAGE
SO THESE CONNECTING PARTS\NHAVE TO BE EXTRA-STRONG.
IT TAKES SIX PUNCHES\NTO SHAPE THE FLAT SHEET OF STEEL
INTO THE CURVED BRACKETS.
HERE’S AN EXAMPLE\NOF THE SIX FORMATIVE STAGES.
MACHINERY NOW FLATTENS AND CUTS\NBIGGER SHEETS OF STEEL
FOR THE TANK BODY.
MECHANIZED CLAMPS\NGRIP THE SHEET ALONG THE EDGES
AND POSITION IT\NUNDER ANOTHER PUNCH PRESS.
IT PERFORATES THE STEEL WHERE\NFITTINGS ARE TO BE INSTALLED.
IT ALSO STAMPS THE COMPANY NAME
AND OTHER MANUFACTURING\NINFORMATION ONTO IT.
THEY FEED THE SHEET TO A ROLLER
THAT CURLS IT INTO\NTHE CYLINDRICAL TANK SHELL.
THE ROLLING IS PRECISE
AND THE DIMENSIONS\NOF THE CYLINDER
DON’T NEED ANY ADJUSTING.
THE WORKER CLAMPS IT\NINTO A FIXTURE.
A CARRIAGE\NMOVES A WELDING TORCH OVERHEAD
TO JOIN THE ENDS\NAND CREATE AN AIRTIGHT SEAL.
A WORKER INSPECTS THE WELD.
THE NEXT WORKER WELDS FITTINGS
ONTO THE HOLES PUNCHED\NINTO THE TANK SHELL EARLIER.
TWO OF THE FITTINGS\NARE FOR ATTACHING VALVES
THAT CONTROL THE FLOW\NOF COMPRESSED AIR.
THE THIRD FITTING WILL BE USED\NTO CONNECT A LINE
FOR DRAINING WATER\NFORMED DURING AIR COMPRESSION.
HE REINFORCES THE FITTINGS\NWITH LARGE COLLARS
THAT HELP THE CONNECTIONS\NWITHSTAND ANY BUMPS ON THE ROAD.
HE PLACES THE BRACKETS\NAND END CAPS
IN AN AUTOMATIC WELDER\NAND ACTIVATES IT.
IT FUSES THE BRACKET\NTO THE CAP —
ONE FOR EACH OF THE AIR TANK’S\NEND CAPS.
WITH BOTH BRACKETED END CAPS
NOW INSTALLED\NON THE CYLINDRICAL SHELL
IT’S TIME TO SEAL THIS AIR TANK.
THE TANK TURNS\NON A WELDING LATHE
AS AUTOMATED WELDERS\NBOND THEM TO THE SHELL.
THE AIR-TANK STRUCTURE\NIS NOW BASICALLY COMPLETE.
IT’S TIME TO PUT IT TO THE TEST.
AFTER PLUGGING\NTHE OPEN FITTINGS
THEY PUMP HIGHLY COMPRESSED AIR\NINTO THE TANK —
MORE THAN IT WOULD\NUSUALLY HANDLE.
IF IT CAN TAKE ALL THE PRESSURE
THEY BRING THE PRESSURE\NDOWN A BIT AND CHECK FOR LEAKS.
BUBBLES IN THE WATER AROUND IT
WOULD INDICATE\NAIR IS SEEPING OUT
BUT IN THIS CASE
FROM THE ACTION\NOF PLACING IT IN THE WATER.
AFTER A CLEANING
HEADS INTO\NA POWDER-COATING STATION.
SPRAYERS APPLY THE POWDERED\NRESIN COATING TO THE TANKS.
THE PARTICLES\NARE POSITIVELY CHARGED
AND THE TANKS\NARE NEGATIVELY CHARGED
FOR AN INSTANT ATTRACTION.
THE BLACK POWDER\NCLINGS TO THE TANKS
AS THEY NOW TRAVEL\NTHROUGH A GAS-FIRED OVEN.
THE HEAT MELTS AND BONDS\NTHE COATING
TO THE SURFACE\NOF THE AIR-BRAKE TANKS
FORMING A TOUGH SKIN\NTHAT’S RUST-RESISTANT.
AFTER THE TANKS COOL
A WORKER INSERTS\NA LONG
THROUGH ONE OF THE FITTINGS
TO SPRAY A RUSTPROOF COATING\NON THE INSIDE.
HE THEN INSERTS PLUGS\NINTO ALL THE FITTINGS
TO PROTECT THE THREADS\NFROM DAMAGE
UNTIL THEY’RE READY TO MAKE\NALL THE NECESSARY CONNECTIONS.
IT’S TAKEN ABOUT FIVE HOURS TO\NPRODUCE THESE AIR-BRAKE TANKS
AND IT’S NOW TIME\NTO PUT ON THE BRAKES.
Narrator: FROSTED CEREAL\NORIGINATED IN AMERICA
IN THE 1950s
AND TODAY
ON BREAKFAST TABLES\NAROUND THE WORLD.
IT’S ONE OF THE FIRST THINGS
SOME PEOPLE REACH FOR\NIN THE MORNING.
THE SUGARY COATING COMPLEMENTS\NTHE FLAVOR OF THE GRAINS.
IT’S ONE WAY\NTO AWAKEN THE TASTE BUDS.
THIS PARTICULAR BLEND\NOF FROSTED CEREAL
IS A COMBINATION\NOF WHEAT FLAKES
AND GRANOLA CLUSTERS.
HALF THE FLAKES ARE FROSTED
THERE’S HONEY
THE MIX OF THE INGREDIENTS MEANS
THERE ARE STILL A FEW SURPRISES\NIN THE FROSTED-CEREAL BOX.
TO MAKE THE CORN FLAKES
THEY MEASURE OUT\NA SPECIFIC AMOUNT
AND RELEASE IT\NINTO AN INDUSTRIAL VERSION
OF A PRESSURE COOKER.
THE OPERATOR LOCKS THE LID
AND THE SYSTEM PIPES WATER\NAND FLAVORINGS
DIRECTLY INTO THE COOKER.
IT ROTATES FOR\NAN EVEN DISTRIBUTION OF HEAT
AND AN EVEN COOKING\NOF THE GRAINS.
AFTER ABOUT THREE HOURS
THE KERNELS HAVE ABSORBED\NMOISTURE AND SOFTENED.
AS THE CORN FLOWS\NOUT OF THE COOKER
A SCREW-CONVEYOR SYSTEM\NMOVES IT TOWARDS A DRIER.
THEY COOK A MEASURED AMOUNT\NOF WHOLE-WHEAT KERNELS
IN WATER AND FLAVORINGS.
THEY ONLY NEED AN HOUR\NIN THE ROTATING PRESSURE COOKER.
LIKE THE CORN
ABSORBS A SIGNIFICANT AMOUNT\NOF WATER DURING COOKING.
THE KERNELS\NARE ABOUT 30% MOISTURE
WHEN THEY EXIT THE COOKER.
THEY NOW MERGE WITH THE CORN\NEN ROUTE TO THE DRIER.
THE DRYING TIME WILL BRING\NTHE MOISTURE CONTENT
DOWN TO ABOUT 19%
MAKING THE KERNELS\NTHE RIGHT CONSISTENCY
TO BE TRANSFORMED INTO FLAKES.
THE GRAINS NOW FLOW INTO A MILL.
THE MILL\NHAS TWO BIG
SIMILAR TO THE KIND USED\NTO PAVE ROADS.
THE KERNELS FALL\NBETWEEN THESE ROLLERS.
THE ROLLERS\NEXERT TONS OF PRESSURE
TO FLATTEN EACH INDIVIDUAL\NKERNEL INTO A FLAKE.
IN THE PROCESS
AND THE CORN TURN MORE YELLOW.
AT THIS POINT
AND NOT REALLY TASTY.
A TRIP\NTHROUGH A LONG TOASTER OVEN
WILL GIVE IT\NTHAT CRISPY CEREAL CONSISTENCY.
IT’S A HIGH-TEMPERATURE TOASTING
AND REDUCES THE MOISTURE CONTENT\NTO 3%.
HERE
AND AFTER.
THE TOASTING NOT ONLY MAKES THE\NCORN AND WHEAT FLAKES CRISPY —
IT ALSO ENHANCES\NTHE COLOR AND FLAVOR.
A RIDE ON A CONVEYOR\NCOOLS THEM DOWN.
ALONG THE WAY
ONE STREAM OF THE MIXED FLAKES
TRAVEL TOWARDS\NTHE SUGAR-COATING STATION.
THE OTHER HEADS INTO\NA FLAVORING DRUM.
THE DRUM REVOLVES\NTO GENTLY TOSS THE CEREAL
AS A SPRAYER APPLIES\NA GRANOLA KIND OF FLAVORING.
THE OTHER STREAM\NOF WHEAT AND CORN FLAKES
ENTERS THE SUGAR-COATING DRUM.
A SPRAYER DISPERSES\NA SUGAR-AND-WATER MIXTURE
AS THE DRUM TOSSES THE FLAKES.
THEN THEY TRAVEL\NTHROUGH A DRIER
AND THIS CURES THE FROSTING\NTO THE FLAKES.
THE FROSTED\NAND THE FLAVORED FLAKES
FLOW ONTO THE SAME CONVEYOR.
IT BOUNCES THE FLAKES AROUND\NTO BLEND THEM TOGETHER.
TO BOOST THE NUTRITION CONTENT
THE GRANOLA CLUSTERS\NFLOW ONTO A CONVEYOR.
THEY’LL MERGE WITH THE FROSTED\NAND FLAVORED FLAKES.
THE FEEDER PIPE SHOWERS GRANOLA\NONTO THE FLAKES.
THIS FROSTED CEREAL IS NOW READY\NFOR STORE SHELVES.
MACHINERY DISPENSES SPECIFIC\NAMOUNTS INTO A PLASTIC SLEEVE
AND A MECHANISM HEAT-SEALS\NAND SEVERS IT AT BOTH ENDS.
MECHANICAL ARMS\NTHEN PICK UP BOXES
AND DEPOSIT THEM ON A CONVEYOR.
PUSH RODS SHOVE THE BAGS\NOF CEREAL INTO THE BOXES.
THE "BEST BEFORE" DATE\NAND OTHER INFORMATION
HAVE BEEN PRINTED\NON THE OUTSIDE OF THE BOXES.
NOZZLES APPLY GLUE TO THE ENDS
AND THE BOXES BRUSH BY A SIDE\NBARRIER THAT CLOSES THEM.
PRODUCING AND PACKAGING\NTHIS FROSTED-CEREAL BLEND
HAS TAKEN ABOUT FIVE HOURS
AND IF THE BREAKFAST CROWD\NIS HUNGRY
ITS TIME ON THE TABLE\NCOULD BE SHORT AND SWEET.
Narrator: A FOSSIL IS A REMNANT\NOF PREHISTORIC LIFE
EMBEDDED IN ROCK —
EITHER THE ACTUAL REMAINS\NOF AN ANIMAL OR PLANT
OR AN IMPRESSION LEFT\NBY DECAYED REMAINS.
MOST FOSSILS ARE HUNDREDS\NOF MILLIONS OF YEARS OLD
AND REMIND US\NTHAT HUMANS HAVE BEEN AROUND
FOR A SMALL PART\NOF THE EARTH’S EXISTENCE.
FOSSILS ARE MADE BY NATURE
BUT COLLECTED AND PRESERVED\NBY MAN
FOR DISPLAY IN MUSEUMS
ONE OF THE WORLD’S\NRICHEST FOSSIL DEPOSITS
IS LOCATED IN THE SOUTHWESTERN\NPART OF THE STATE OF WYOMING.
50 MILLION YEARS AGO
WITH CLIMATE CHANGES
LEAVING WILDLIFE AND FLORA\NBURIED UNDER LAYERS OF SEDIMENT.
OVER TIME
CONTAINING FOSSILS\NOF THOSE FORMER LIFE FORMS.
TO FIND FOSSILS IN WHAT WERE\NTHE SHALLOWER EDGES
OF THE PREHISTORIC LAKE
THEY DRIVE THIN BLADES\NABOUT 4/10 OF AN INCH DEEP
TO LOOSEN AND SEPARATE SHEETS\NOF ROCK.
IN THIS PART OF THE DEPOSIT
THE FOSSIL IS OFTEN SPLIT\NBETWEEN TWO LAYERS OF ROCK
WHICH IS WHY THEY CALL\NTHIS PARTICULAR DIG AREA
"THE SPLIT-FISH QUARRY."
THEY REPEAT THE PROCESS
THEY TYPICALLY FIND FOSSILS
OF SMALLER HERRING-TYPE FISH
THEY CAREFULLY SEPARATE\NTHE LARGE ROCK SHEETS
INTO SMALLER PIECES\NSO THAT IT’S EASIER
TO TRANSPORT THEIR HAUL\NFROM THE QUARRY TO THE WORKSHOP.
THIS SEDIMENTARY ROCK\NIS OIL SHALE —
A SUBSTITUTE\NFOR CONVENTIONAL CRUDE OIL.
SCRATCH THE SURFACE
HOWEVER
TO MAKE EXTRACTION VIABLE.
IN THE COMPANY’S SECOND QUARRY
THEY BLOW AWAY SURFACE DEBRIS TO\NMAKE IT EASIER TO SPOT FOSSILS.
RECOVERY IS MORE DIFFICULT HERE\NBECAUSE THIS PART OF THE DEPOSIT
WAS THE DEEP CENTER\NOF THE PREHISTORIC LAKE.
WILDLIFE WAS BURIED\NUNDER FAR MORE SEDIMENT.
IT TAKES A HIGHLY TRAINED EYE
AND THE LOW ANGLE\NOF MORNING SUNLIGHT
TO SEE THE SLIGHT SHADOW
WHICH A FOSSIL’S RIDGES\NCAST ON THE GROUND.
AFTER OUTLINING THEIR FIND
THEY USE A SAW WITH A DIAMOND\NBLADE TO CUT AROUND IT.
THEY’VE REMOVED\NTHE SURROUNDING ROCK
TO BE ABLE TO SLIDE\NTHEIR THIN BLADES UNDERNEATH…
…THEN GENTLY EXTRACT\NTHEIR TREASURE.
THIS IS A TRICKY PROCEDURE.
ONE WRONG MOVE
IN THE WORKSHOP
AND USING A VARIETY\NOF SHARPENED TOOLS
THEY CAREFULLY SCRAPE AWAY\NTHE SURFACE
UNTIL THE DARK COLOR\NOF THE FOSSIL SHOWS THROUGH.
TO FULLY REVEAL\NA FOSSIL THIS SIZE
TAKES 30 TO 40 HOURS\NOF TEDIOUS AND METICULOUS WORK.
AS FOR THE ROCK SHEETS\NFROM THE SPLIT QUARRY
THEY SAW THE FOSSILS APART
NEATLY FRAMING EACH ONE\NWITHIN A RECTANGLE.
LAYERS FLAKE OFF MORE EASILY\NFROM SPLIT-QUARRY ROCK
THAN FROM THE HARDER ROCK\NOF THE OTHER QUARRY.
ONCE A FOSSIL\NIS COMPLETELY EXPOSED
THEY SEAL AND PROTECT\NTHE SURFACE
WITH A LIGHT COAT\NOF SPRAY-ON ACRYLIC.
WHEN EXPOSING A FOSSIL
TO KEEP SHARPENING THE TOOLS\NON A DIAMOND FILE
AND
TO REPEATEDLY CLEAN THE WORK\NSURFACE WITH AN ERASER OR BRUSH.
HOW MANY LAYERS OF ROCK\NHAVE TO BE SCRATCHED OFF VARIES.
A FOSSIL CAN BE SITTING\NRIGHT ON THE SURFACE
OR BE BURIED A FRACTION\NOF AN INCH OR SO BENEATH IT.
THIS FRESHWATER STINGRAY
IS ABOUT AS INTRICATE\NAS A FOSSIL GETS.
THIS FELLOW TOOK\NMORE THAN A MONTH TO PREPARE.
THE DETAIL OF THIS LARGE\NPALM-LEAF FOSSIL IS ASTOUNDING.
YOU CAN ACTUALLY SEE\NINSECT BITES.
AND AS THIS LEAF FOSSILIZED\NON THE PREHISTORIC LAKE BED
SO DID THE FISH\NSWIMMING AROUND IT
PRODUCING AN INCREDIBLE\NSTONE SNAPSHOT
OF LIFE 50 MILLION YEARS AGO.
–{\c&H00FFFF&} Captions by VITAC –{\c\c&HFFFF00&}\Nwww.tienganhkythuat.com-www.vitac.com{\c}
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